Study: Black Infants 2.5 Times More Likely to Die of NEC
A study on NEC infant mortality in the United States has found that while the gap has decreased, black infant mortality rates in 2020 were still...
Adverse Outcomes Associated with Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Read more about the Adverse Outcomes Associated with Necrotizing Enterocolitis.
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Jun 5, 2023
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating condition that primarily affects premature infants, causing inflammation and tissue death in the intestine. This disease is a significant cause of illness in premature babies and a leading contributor to infant mortality in the United States. While some babies manage to overcome NEC with proper treatment and care, others may experience severe complications that can have long-term effects on their health and development.
Close monitoring, early intervention, and appropriate medical care are crucial to minimize the risk of complications and provide necessary support for infants affected by NEC.
Complications of NEC
Abdominal perforation, peritonitis, and sepsis - Abdominal perforation is where the intestinal wall develops a tear or hole, allowing intestinal contents to leak into the abdominal cavity. This can lead to peritonitis, an inflammation of the abdominal lining, characterized by symptoms like severe abdominal pain and fever. Additionally, NEC can progress to sepsis, a life-threatening condition where the infection spreads throughout the body, potentially causing organ failure.
Short gut syndrome - Severe cases of NEC may require surgical removal of necrotic parts of the intestine. This can result in a shortened or dysfunctional bowel, leading to SBS. SBS hinders the absorption of nutrients and fluids, potentially causing malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.
Intestinal strictures - Following NEC and subsequent surgical interventions, scar tissue can form in the intestine. This scar tissue can cause narrowing or strictures in the intestinal lumen, obstructing the flow of food and leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and bowel movement difficulties.
Neurological impairment, including developmental delays, cognitive impairments, and motor deficits - NEC can have neurological consequences, particularly in severe cases. The inflammation and tissue damage in the intestine can trigger systemic inflammatory responses, affecting the brain and nervous system.
Growth delays - Infants who have experienced NEC, especially those with severe forms, may face challenges in their overall growth and development. Nutritional deficiencies, prolonged hospital stays, and the impact of surgical interventions can contribute to growth delays and developmental impairments.
Survival Rate of a Baby with NEC
The survival rate of babies with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can vary depending on the severity of the condition, the gestational age of the baby, and the promptness and effectiveness of medical interventions. Generally, the mortality rate ranges from 10% to 50%, with higher survival rates observed in less severe cases and more mature babies.
A study conducted by JAMA Network Open found that from 1999 to 2020, NEC infant mortality rate in the U.S. peaked in 2005 and was lowest in 2020.
FAQs
What percentage of babies with NEC need surgery?
Approximately 50% of babies with NEC will require surgical treatment. The most common complications of NEC that require surgical intervention are abdominal perforations (holes or tears in the intestinal wall) and necrosis (or death) of parts of the intestine.
How often does NEC cause long-term complications?
A 2023 survey on long-term outcomes found that 72% of parents and 89% of survivors reported long-term complications of NEC, with the most reported being digestive complications and short bowel syndrome. 25% of participants reported cognitive issues.
How much does it cost to treat NEC?
Each individual case varies but it is estimated that the average cost of surgical NEC in the United States is between $400,000 to $500,000. Unfortunately, subsequent healthcare costs for surgical NEC survivors have been shown to be approximately $60,000 higher over the first three years of life compared to infants who did not have NEC.